| Plant |
Annual/ perennial |
Main reproductive/ spreading mechanism |
Response to fertility |
Tolerance to acid soils |
Response to summer rain |
Chemical control |
| Phalaris (Phalaris aquatica) |
Perennial |
Tillering (dormant buds formed in spring to emerge in autumn) and rhizomes. Seeds are prone to predators. |
High |
Low-moderate (depending on variety) |
Low |
|
| Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) |
Perennial |
Tillering and seeding (seeds form mid-late spring depending on variety) |
High |
Moderate |
Low-moderate |
|
| Summer dormant tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) |
Perennial |
Tillering and rhizomes |
High |
Moderate |
Low |
|
| Mediterranean tall fescue |
Perennial |
Tillering and rhizomes |
High |
Moderate |
Moderate |
|
| Summer active cocksfoot (Dactilus glomerata) |
Perennial |
Tillering and seedling recruitment |
Moderate |
Moderate to high |
Moderate |
|
| Summer dormant cocksfoot |
Perennial |
Tillering |
Moderate |
Moderate to high |
Low-moderate |
|
| Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) |
Perennial |
Rhyzomes and stolons |
High |
High |
High |
|
| Lucerne (Medicago sativa.) |
Perennial |
Branches |
High |
Low |
High |
|
| Chicory (Cichorum intybus) |
Perennial |
Seeding late spring |
High |
Moderate |
High |
|
| Weeping grass (Microlaena stipoides) |
Perennial |
Rhyzomes and stolons in response to spring/summer rainfall |
Moderate |
High |
Moderate – high |
|
| Wallaby grass (Rytidosperma spp.) |
Perennial |
Seeding late spring |
Low- moderate (depending on variety) |
High |
Moderate |
|
| Red grass (Bothriochloa macra) |
Perennial |
Seeding late spring/summer |
Moderate |
High |
High |
|
| Annual ryegrass |
Annual |
Seeding mid-late spring |
High |
Moderate |
Moderate |
|
| Sub clover (Trifolium subterraneum) |
Annual |
Seeding (early-late spring depending on variety), germinates with low ground cover in autumn. |
High |
Moderate |
None |
|
| Capeweed (Arctotheca calendula) |
Annual |
Seeding early spring, germinates with low ground cover in autumn. |
High |
High |
None |
Spray graze in autumn |
| Erodium (Erodium cicutarium) |
Annual |
Seeding early spring, germinate autumn, germinates with low ground cover in autumn. |
Low |
High |
None |
Spray graze in autumn |
| Barley grass (Hordeum spp.) |
Annual |
Seeding early spring, germinate autumn |
High |
High |
None |
Spray top in early spring |
| Silver grass (Vulpia) |
Annual |
Seeding early spring, germinate autumn |
Low |
High |
None |
Winter clean |
| Onion grass (Rumulea rosea) |
Annual |
Corms in winter and seeds in spring, germinate at soil temperature <16.5o in Autumn |
Low |
High |
None |
Metsulfuron-methyl 6-8 weeks after emergence. |
